关税动荡:中美贸易战影响分析

概要:

  • A 400% increase to blank sailings from China to the United States has occurred since liberation day tariffs were passed, but schedules show this levelling out in June. This could change based on the ongoing low export volumes.
  • 4 月从中国开往美国的空班数量较 3 月增加了 47%,较 2023 年 4 月增加了近 40%。
  • Imports from China to the U.S. have been higher compared to last year, possibly illustrating pull forward inventory, but have fallen for four consecutive weeks by over 30% compared to 2024.  
  • Despite a 5% increase in exports from the U.S. to China last week compared to 2024, this number has decreased for a second consecutive week and is trending 30% lower than last year.   
  • New emerging shipping trends show a 100% increase in air freight out of Singapore. Canada has not definitively emerged as widespread for workaround for tariffs yet with shifting volumes.

概览

4 月 9 日,总统特朗普推迟了几乎所有“解放日”关税措施,仅保留了 10% 的基准关税和针对中国的最高税率。 自 4 月 9 日起,中国输美商品需缴纳 125% 关税。 叠加今年早些时候实施的 20% 关税,中国商品适用的总关税税率达到了 145%。 这意味着美国企业原本 100 美元的进口成本现已升至 245 美元。

特朗普政府确实对中国输美电子产品予以豁免,此类商品约占中国对美出口总量的 25%。 这些商品暂未纳入 125% 的额外关税范围,但特朗普政府已表示未来将对该行业加征额外关税。

作为反制措施,中国对美国进口商品征收 125% 关税,大幅提高了美国供应商在中国市场的竞争成本。

美国对华进出口情况

进口

关税上涨促使美国企业寻求采购渠道多元化。 多年来,许多企业已逐步减少对中国的依赖,新冠疫情引发的供应链中断加速了这一趋势的发展。 下图对比了最近几周与去年同期的中国对美出口量。

As the chart shows, imports from China have remained stable up until the 125% tariff was passed, indicating that U.S. companies began altering their ordering strategies. Companies have been quick to pivot their sourcing strategies as imports from China slow. The week of 4/28 marks the fourth consecutive week in a decline of imports from China, with more than a 30% decline compared to April 2024. Industries with more competitive global options will likely see a downward trend in orders from China going forward. There are also new strategies emerging that involve Chinese companies shipping goods to other nations prior to being imported to the U.S. to avoid the staggering tariffs on Chinese goods.

出口

作为对美国关税的反制,中国对美国商品也加征了关税。 下图显示今年以来美国对华出口量与去年同期对比变化。

美国对华出口量迅速下滑,这表明中国能够灵活调整采购策略已规避美国商品。 随着 145% 新关税政策的实施,预计美国对华出口量的下降趋势将会持续。 尽管如此,4 月 14 日开始的一周仍有大量订单涌入。 随后,订单量出现了迄今为止最大降幅,与 2024 年同期相比下降 30%,这表明中国出现了反常情况,美国商品进口量没有恢复。

空班

随着中国关税增加和出口减少,从中国开往美国的货轮开始出现越来越多的空班,即承运商选择跳过停靠贸易航线上的某些港口。

The chart above shows how many blank sailings are scheduled to occur through May 2025 on vessels originating from China to the United States. In response to the lofty tariffs passed the week of 4/7, there was a 400% spike in blank sailings observed for the week of 4/28. This is a result of slowing orders from China leading to excess space on container vessels. While blank sailings appear to decrease and return to normal levels in June, it is likely more will be announced closer to the time of port calls. Expect the numbers in future weeks to continue to increase as imports from China decrease.

While blank sailings are not unprecedented, they often revolve around major holidays and events where manufacturing pauses, like Golden Week or the Lunar New Year. These were also widely common throughout the covid-19 pandemic as port closures and lockdowns surged. The chart below outlines monthly blank sailings from China to the U.S. historically starting in 2020.

2020 年至 2022 年,空班航次占比更高、波动更大。 但在 2023 年和 2024 年,除节假日(包括黄金周和春节)之外,整体表现较为稳定。 2025 年开局符合预期,但 4 月中国进口商品关税总额增加至 145%,该月空班航次较 3 月大幅增加 47%。 这标志着与 2024 年 4 月相比,这些航线上的空班航次增加了近 40%。 随着中国输美订单持续放缓,这些趋势可能会持续下去。

虽然承运商可能会出于多种原因选择实施空班,但当前趋势的驱动因素是需求减少,导致这些航线上的船舶运力超出需求。 对于托运人来说,这意味着可能会跳过通常用于货运的港口,而需要改为接驳至新的卸货港。 这可能会带来挑战并导致成本上升,尤其是对于那些在新港口没有签订合同约定接驳费率的托运人而言。 如果没有预先确定费率,货主可能需要按当前市价付费,并且可能需要迅速采取行动,以免支付港口滞期费。

新出现的替代航线策略

由于中国对美出口量因 145% 的关税而持续下滑,许多企业正在调整供应链策略。 不出所料,一些企业正在将采购转移到其他国家/地区。 下图表明:随着中国对美出口量减少,来自新加坡的空运量有所增加。

The week of 4/21, air freight volume from Singapore to the United States was up over 100% compared to the same time last year. While the volume has levelled out during the week of 4/28, it is still up by more than 20% year-over-year. This trend is ongoing as volumes from China decline by as much as 56%. Singapore appears to be a viable option for manufacturing for many U.S. consumers and will continue to be monitored as companies adjust their ordering.

另一项讨论中的策略是:先将中国商品进口到其他国家/地区,然后再运往美国,从而规避对中国商品征收的关税。 加拿大是最合理的选择,因为该国靠近美国,并且可以提供面向海运的铁路和卡车运输。 虽然加拿大也面临新关税,但其税率远低于中国输美商品,因此尽管运输成本增加,但仍有可能节省成本。 下图概述了加拿大哈利法克斯和蒙特利尔的港口货量变化。

So far, there is no clear trend between these Halifax and Montreal as the weekly volume continues to fluctuate, but it is being closely monitored due to its proximity to the United States and the lower tariff rates compared to China.

受影响最严重的行业

由于对中国制造的依赖度、产品独特性以及行业利润率等因素,多个行业会受到近期关税变化的严重影响。 以下是几个值得重点关注的行业:

消费电子产品

智能手机、计算机和其他高科技产品等消费电子产品高度依赖中国制造。 若从其他国家采购这类产品,将大幅提高成本并延长交货周期。 尽管暂时免缴 125% 额外关税,但美国消费者面临未来关税威胁和价格上涨压力,可能会促使制造商将生产活动转移到关税税率更低或劳动力成本更低的国家/地区。

纺织品和服装

中国是美国主要的纺织品和服装供应国,其人工成本优势使得这些商品难以在其他地区实现同等规模的制造。 对这些商品加征关税将重创低利润率的美国纺织品和服装企业。 依赖中国进口维持价格竞争力的企业需寻求替代采购方案或自行承担成本,盈利空间可能受到影响。

农产品

大豆、猪肉、牛肉等农产品是美国对华出口的主力。 145% 新关税的出台可能致使中国减少进口这些产品,对美国农民和出口商构成不利影响。 该行业本就利润微薄,新增的关税负担将进一步压缩盈利空间。

化工和制药

化工和制药行业同样易受关税上调的影响,尤其是依赖中国生产原料药 (API) 的企业。 这些产品的替代来源有限,关税大幅上涨可能扰乱美国生产活动。 同理,中国对美国输华医疗器械与药品征收报复性关税,也将削弱美国制药企业在中国市场的竞争力。

总结

近期关税调整,尤其是中国输美商品 145% 关税和中国 125% 报复性关税,将对两国间的进出口贸易产生深远影响。 重度依赖中国制造的美国企业将面临成本激增,可能开始探索其他采购渠道。 另外,美国对华出口商品也将受新关税阻碍,使美国供应商在中国市场的竞争难度加剧。

受影响最严重的行业包括消费电子、汽车、纺织、农业、化工、制药和奢侈品,尤其是那些利润率低或依赖中/美单一制造地的行业。企业为减轻关税冲击而调整策略,或将推动全球供应链进一步重构,可能对中美贸易模式产生长期影响。

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